Dendritic cells (DC), which are highly abundant in the lung and sensitive to viral diseases, induce a TCR-mediated cell apoptosis in the absence of costimulatory molecules. T cell receptor (TCR) has a central role in adaptive immune responses, their repertoires are considerably decreased in the first stages of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection but start to return to normal in the convalescent stage. The large liberation of cytokines through the immune system in reaction to the viral infection and/or secondary inflammation can consequence in a cytokine storm and offer of sepsis that are the induce of death in 28% of incurable COVID-19 patient. A wide range of studies have rushed to accelerate the discovery of new drug and vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2, specially a new target receptor of the immune response as a CD marker that binding to S protein. It has been signaled also that SARS-CoV-2 can recognize some CD markers along with ACE2 in order to infect human cells. The previous coronavirus (SARS-CoV) binds to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor via its spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD). This new coronavirus was named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the Coronavirus Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Whole genome sequencing of the causative virus showed that it belongs to the beta-coronavirus subfamily with most similarity to SARS-like BAT coronaviruses bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21.
In December 2019, an epidemic of pneumonia, named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO), emerged in Wuhan city of China and rapidly spread worldwide causing an ongoing pandemic. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations of the newly designed peptides showed favorable binding features and stability with SARS-CoV-2 RBD and therefore can be further considered as potential candidates in future anti-SARS CoV-2 drug discovery studies.
#Rbd cd usa free#
The results of binding free energies showed a high affinity of SARS-CoV-2 RBD to CD299 receptor which was used as a reference to derive hypothetical peptide sequences with specific binding activities to SARS-CoV-2 RBD.
In this paper, protein-protein docking was utilized for identifying the critical epitopes in CD147, CD209 and CD299 which are involved in the binding with SARS-CoV-2 Spike receptor binding domain (RBD). The clusters of differentiation CD147, CD209, CD299 have been identified as essential entry co-receptors for SARS-CoV-2 species specificity to humans, although the underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated. Despite their promising activities, the development of these small molecules for the clinical use can be limited by many factors like the off-target effect, the poor stability, and the low bioavailability. Currently, there is no effective vaccine or treatment for COVID-19, however many small-molecule inhibitors have shown potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and some of them are now under clinical trials. In some cases, the disease can be fatal which resulted in more than one million deaths worldwide according the WHO. The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious and rapidly spreading infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).